Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD) or clinical depression, is a common mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities for an extended period of time. It goes beyond normal fluctuations in mood that people may experience in response to life's challenges.
It can affect people of all ages, backgrounds, and genders. Treatment for depression often involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, lifestyle changes, and support from mental health professionals and loved ones.
- Persistent Sadness: A pervasive and long-lasting feeling of sadness or emptiness that persists for most of the day, nearly every day.
- Loss of Interest or Pleasure: Diminished interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable, including hobbies, social interactions, and work.
- Changes in Appetite or Weight: Significant changes in appetite, leading to either weight gain or weight loss. Some individuals may experience changes in food preferences.
- Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia (difficulty falling or staying asleep) or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping) are common symptoms of depression.
- Fatigue and Low Energy: Persistent feelings of tiredness and a lack of energy, even after a full night's sleep.
- Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt: Excessive or inappropriate feelings of guilt or worthlessness, often not based on real events or situations.
- Difficulty Concentrating: Difficulty focusing, making decisions, or experiencing cognitive impairments such as slowed thinking and memory difficulties.
- Physical Symptoms: Some people may experience physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive issues, or chronic pain that do not have a clear medical explanation.
- Recurrent Thoughts of Death or Suicide: Persistent thoughts about death, dying, or suicidal ideation may occur.
These symptoms must be present for a significant portion of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks, and cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.